How Much Mold Can Make Me Sick?
How much mold might make you sick depends on the situation as well as the person. This question is difficult to answer in the same way it's hard to say how much sun causes a sunburn: the amount varies from person to person. What one person can tolerate with little or no effect may cause symptoms in another individual.3 For some people, a relatively small number of mold spores can trigger an asthma attack or lead to other health problems. For other people, symptoms may occur only when exposure levels are much higher.2

The long-term presence of indoor mold may eventually become unhealthy for anyone. Those with special health concerns should consult a medical doctor if they feel their health is affected by indoor mold. The following types of people may be affected sooner and more severely than others:

• Babies and children
   
• Elderly persons
   
• Individuals with chronic respiratory conditions or allergies or asthma
   
• Persons having weakened immune systems (for example, people with HIV or AIDS, chemotherapy patients, or organ transplant recipients 3

Nonetheless, indoor mold growth is unsanitary and undesirable. If you can smell mold or see mold indoors, take steps to indentify and eliminate it and the moisture source that caused it.2 If you believe you are ill because of exposure to mold in the building where you work, you should first consult your health care provider to determine the appropriate action to take to protect your health. Notify your employer and, if applicable, your union representative about your concern so that your employer can take action to clean up and prevent mold growth. 4
 

Are Some Molds More Hazardous Than Others?
Mold spores are organized into three groups according to human responses;

• Allergenic (most likely to affect those who are already allergic or asthmatic
   
• Pathogenic (serious health effects in persons with suppressed immune systems
   
• Toxigenic (capable of causing serious health effects in almost anybody)

Allergic persons vary in their sensitivities to mold, both as to the amount and the types to which they react. In addition to their allergic properties, certain types of molds, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, may produce compounds that have toxic properties, which are called mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are not always produced, and whether a mold produces mycotoxins while growing in a building depends on a number of factors such as, what the mold is growing on, conditions such as temperature, pH, humidity, and other unknown factors. When mycotoxins are present, they occur in both living and dead mold spores and may be present in materials that have become contaminated with molds.

While Stachybotrys is alive and growing, a wet slime layer covers its spores, preventing them from becoming airborne. However, when Stachybotrys dies and dries up, air currents or physical handling can disturb the mold and cause spores to become airborne.2 At present there is no environmental test to determine whether or not Stachybotrys growth found in buildings is producing toxins. Nevertheless, since the health effects of mold on people and animals are the same whether the mold is viable (alive) or non-viable (dead), whenever test result confirm the presence of Stachybotrys indoors, appropriate steps to remediate should be taken immediately whether the mold is growing or not.

The Amounts of Mold Present Is More Concerning Than the Types
Experts will argue about which molds are potentially more hazardous than others. But more concerning are the levels of airborne spores than the types of molds present indoors. Stachybotrys and other toxigenic molds such as Chaetomium, Aspergillus, and others are absolutely undesirable to have growing indoors and should always be taken seriously. But a few rogue spores of toxigenic mold in an air sample is far less worrisome than a few million spores the common molds such as Penicillium or Cladosporium.

Consider this: If you open a bottle of Clorox bleach outdoors and hold it to your chest, how long will it take you to get sick? You probably won't get sick outdoors in the open air. But if you open that same bottle of bleach indoors in a small enclosed space such as a bathroom, how long will it take you to get sick? In just a few moments your eyes will be irritated to tears, your nose and throat will be burning, and you will most likely become violently ill, vomiting and unable to get the smell and taste of bleach out of your nose and mouth for days. Why? Its the exact same bottle of bleach regardless of where you open it. Right? So what's the difference?

The difference is the space in which you are exposed to the bleach. And so it is with mold. You can take the exact same molds that are outdoors right now, not bothering anyone in the open air, bring them indoors in an enclosed environment and multiply them by 100, or 1,000, or a million, and you will have a very toxic environment, regardless of what types of mold it is. That is why testing is so important.

For more information on the differences between allergenic, pathogenic, and toxigenic molds see below.

How Can I Be Exposed to Mold?
Illness from mold exposure can only occur one of three ways; 1. through absorption into the skin, 2. ingestion, or 3. inhalation. While it is never good to have mold growing indoors, if it is, you are not necessarily exposed to a health risk just because its there. Nobody gets sick looking at mold on a wall. But when mold is disturbed, spores are released into the air and you can then be exposed to those spores through the air you breathe. Also, if you directly handle moldy materials, you can be exposed to mold and mold spores through contact with your skin. Eating moldy foods or hand-to-mouth contact after handling moldy materials is yet another way you may be exposed. Other than small child who doesn't know any better, most people would not intentionally touch mold or knowingly ingest it. But disturbing mold can easily send billions of spores the air and create an immediate health risk in an enclosed indoor environment.

How is mold disturbed?
An action as simple as cleaning mold that is growing on a surface will send spores airborne. The process of mold remediation send billions of spores into the air. Other ways include:

• Scraping or scrubbing mold off of moldy surfaces
   
• Demolition or tear out of mold contaminated construction materials
   
• Vacuuming moldy carpet (conventional vacuum cleaner bags do not trap mold spores - they blow them through the bag and into the air)
   
• Running a furnace or air conditioner with mold in the duct work
   
• Running fans in rooms where mold with contaminated materials
   
• Opening doors an windows when a house smells like mold. If a strong breeze is blowing through it can stir up a lot of settled mold spores into the air.

Eventually mold spores fall down and, like dust, when spores fall they end up on and in everything, including furniture, bedding, drapes, carpets, inside appliances and electronics such as TVs, computers, stereos, etc. Coming in close contact with mold spores by lying on the carpet, putting on clothes, or working near electronics with fans inside can increase exposure via skin contact and inhalation. Children who crawl around on mold-contaminated carpet are most at risk by scraping their hands and knees, then rubbing their eyes or handling food.

Lose the Dust
Dust is a magnet for mold spores. Homes and buildings with a lot of dust are much more likely to have higher concentrations of airborne mold spores than cleaner structures. Exposure to unhealthy levels of dust and mold can be reduced by regular dusting, periodic cleaning under major appliances, blowing out electronics with high pressured air, and eliminating cobwebs. Once every two to three months is recommended.

Keep It Clean
Greasy, grimey garbage and dirt is an ideal environment for mold growth. Removing garbage from indoors and away from the structure outdoors will reduce the potential for mold growth as will regular cleaning of cabinet interiors and corners where dirt and grime tend to build up.

Who Is Most At Risk of Health Concerns From Mold Exposure?
Excessive exposure to mold is not healthy for anyone inside buildings, especially where ventilation is limited. There are, however, certain individuals who are more likely to experience severe reactions to mold exposure. People with allergies tend to be more sensitive to molds. People with immune suppression or underlying lung disease are more susceptible to fungal infections. Other high risk candidates include:

• Infants, children, and the elderly
   
• Immune compromised patients
  (people with HIV infection, cancer chemotherapy, liver disease, etc.
   
• Pregnant women
   
• Individuals with existing respiratory conditions, such as allergies, multiple chemical sensitivity, and asthma

People with these special concerns who live or work in mold contaminated structures should consult a physician if they are having health problems. People who experience unexplained health problems while inside a structure that tend to go away when they leave the structure should consider having an inspection and testing done to determine the likelihood that indoor mold growth is the cause of their symptoms.

Mold Misconceptions
There a three common misconceptions about mold.

Misconception #1: "BLACK MOLD"
The mold that most people are referring to when they use the term "BLACK MOLD" is a mold called Stachybotrys, pronounced STACK-EE-BOT-TRIS, which is either black or dark gray. But the truth is, there are thousands and thousands of different molds and many of them are black. Some molds will change colors and texture at different stages of their growth. Some molds can be gray one day, black the next day, and green the day after that.

Misconception #2: "TOXIC MOLD"
Contrary to the widely-used term, "toxic mold", the premise that mold is toxic is not accurate. While certain molds are toxigenic, meaning they can produce toxins (specifically mycotoxins), the molds themselves are not toxic, or poisonous. Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites produced by a mold or fungus - including mushrooms - which contaminate food and are poisonous to animals and humans. Molds that produce mycotoxins only do so under under certain conditions and at certain times. Mycotoxins can be found in both living (viable) and dead (non-viable) mold spores.

There is always some mold present everywhere - in the air and on many surfaces. Hazards presented by molds that produce mycotoxins should be considered the same as other common molds which can grow in your house. There are reports that toxigenic molds found inside homes can cause unique or rare health conditions such as pulmonary hemorrhage or memory loss. In 2004 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) found there was sufficient evidence to link indoor exposure to mold with asthma symptoms in people with asthma; hypersensitivity pneumonitis in individuals susceptible to that immune-mediated condition; as well as upper respiratory tract symptoms, cough, and wheeze in otherwise healthy people. Mycotoxins, although unseen by the naked eye, are most often inhaled but can enter the body through the skin, mucous and eyes. Once inside the human body, mold has all the requirements it needs to colonize and spread.

Misconception #3: "ALLERGY SHOTS PROTECT AGAINST MOLD"
A common misconception among allergists who are untrained in mold-related toxicity levels in humans, (which is technically not their area of expertise unless they have trained specifically in environmental medicine with their background in immunology), is to do general allergen testing. Most tests usually result in a 2+ or less.

Because not all allergists and doctors are trained in this field, they may try to "guess" at a diagnosis. Some physicians response is to order allergy shots. However, allergy shots are virtually worthless (and could possibly be harmful) to a person who has been heavily exposed to mycotoxins since they are already in a state of toxicity. If anything, this could exacerbate the problem.

Fungi, or microorganisms related to them, may cause other health problems similar to allergic diseases. Some kinds of Aspergillus may cause several different illnesses, including both infections and allergy. These fungi may lodge in the airways or a distant part of the lung and grow until they form a compact sphere known as a "fungal mass." In people with lung damage or serious underlying illnesses, Aspergillus may grasp the opportunity to invade the lungs or the whole body.

In some individuals, exposure to these fungi can also lead to asthma or to a lung disease resembling severe inflammatory asthma called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This latter condition, which occurs only in a minority of people with asthma, is characterized by wheezing, low-grade fever, and coughing up of brown-flecked masses or mucus plugs. Skin testing, blood tests, X-rays, and examination of the sputum for fungi can help establish the diagnosis. Corticosteroid drugs are usually effective in treating this reaction; however, immunotherapy (allergy shots) is not a reliable "one-shot-fix-all" treatment.

Why take chances?
Life is too short to not live it well. If you suspect you have a mold problem in your home or workplace, address it early. Call an AMI representative to discuss services available to you to help accurately asses mold problems and resolve them.